BROUGHAM CASTLE

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A moated castle and keep built circa 1203-28. It was converted into a country house in the 17th century by Lady Anne Clifford, was partly demolished circa 1691, fell into disrepair and was sold off for building materials in 1714. The castle is situated on a spur jutting into the flood plain of the River Eamont; the river cliff undoubtedly steepened and strengthened, provides a natural defence on the north and part of the west sides, and a moat, double on the south half of the west side, connects the cliff around the other sides to form a complete circuit. The ruins have now been consolidated and the moat was cleaned during the 1930s.

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Brougham Castle, centred at NY 5371 2900.

(The OS record for Brougham Castle has been recast below, all sources previously recorded by the OS are included).

(NY 5371 2900) Brougham Castle (NR) (Remains of) (NAT)
(NY 5372 2899) Chap (NR) (shortened from Chapel)
(NY 5360 2900) Maud's Pool (NR).(1a)

The oldest part of Brougham Castle, the keep, was built c.1203-28 in the reign of Henry II; the keep, later heightened, and its gatehouses formed an impregnable fortress as well as a lordly residence. The castle was renovated by Lady Anne Clifford in the 17th century; she died there in 1676, after which the castle was allowed to decay. It was partly demolished in 1691 and any usable materials were sold in 1714. Between the First and Second World Wars the castle was placed under guardianship, repaired and opened to the public; it is now in the care of English Heritage (1b).

Earthworks re-surveyed at 1:2500. In good condition (1c).

(NY 5371 2900) Brougham Castle (NR) (1d).

The south moat of the castle appears to represent the N ditch of the Roman fort (see NY 52 NW 6); when it was cleaned out, it was found to contain mainly 4th century Roman pottery (1e-f).

Brougham Castle scheduled (1g).

Scheduled monument previously Cumbr 335, combined under new title and monument number, Cumbr 241. (1h)

The moated castle, centred at NY 5371 2900, and the adjacent Roman fort were surveyed at 1:500 scale by RCHME in 1990-1. The history of the castle and details of its upstanding fabric have been summarised in the guide book by English Heritage (1b); it remains in their care and open to the public. It is situated on a spur jutting into the flood-plain of the River Eamont; the river cliff undoubtedly steepened and strengthened, provides a natural defence on the N and part of the W sides, and a moat, double on the S half of the W side, connects the cliff around the other sides to form a complete
circuit. The moat was cleaned out in the 1930s by HM Office of Works; on the E and S sides it is between 15m and 18m wide and 3.4m deep increasing to 4m on the outer side at the SW angle. To the W, its depth decreases to 2.8m on the outside and 2.0m on the inside. The outer, supplementary moat to the W descends from the summit of the river cliff, where it is 3.3m deep, onto the flood-plain where it declines in depth.

Three causeways cross the moat. The first on the E side, bounded to the N by the river cliff, provides access to the main gate; it is revetted with a stone retaining wall on the S side, and is now 16m wide. The second in the SW, c.3m wide, is opposite a postern, the third to the S, 3.5m wide, leads from a narrow gate inserted in the curtain wall in the 17th century. The latter causeway provides access into an enclosure S of the castle, now sparsely wooded, which has been identified as a garden mentioned in Lady Anne Clifford's diary of 1676 (for details of garden see NY 52 NW 86) (1i-j).

The chapel (annotated on the OS map of 1957) is an integral part of the castle buildings within the curtain; 'Maud's Pool appears to be part of an old river channel. Full RCHME survey information, including a report, is included in the NMR archive. (1)

Additional reference. (2)

Listed by Cathcart King. (3)

Additional reference. (4)

Listed with plan and illustrations. (5)

Detailed description of the castle. (6)

Additional reference and photograph. (7)

SOURCE TEXT

(1) Field Investigators Comments

Keith Blood/04-APR-1991/RCHME: Brougham Castle Survey

(1a) Ordnance Survey Map (Scale / Date)

OS 6" 1957

(1b) John Charlton 1985 Brougham Castle [Cumbria]

(1c) Field Investigators Comments

F1 RL 23-AUG-65

(1d) Ordnance Survey Map (Scale / Date)

OS 6" 1971

(1e) by Derek A Welsby 1982 The Roman military defence of the British provinces in its later phases

BAR British series1 (1974) - 101 Page(s)114

(1f) Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society

Birley, E, 1932. Materials for the History of Roman Brougham 32, 1932 Page(s)139

(1g) by Department of the Environment, Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings London 1978 List of ancient monuments in England: Volume 1, Northern England; Volume 2, Southern England; Volume 3, East Anglia and the Midlands

1 Page(s)18

(1h) Scheduled Monument Notification

English Heritage Monument Record Form, Plan, 28-OCT-88

(1i) General reference

Williamson, G C. 1922. Lady Anne Clifford Page(s)271-2

(1j) General reference

Summerson, H, 1990. Brougham Castle: History, unpublished typescript. English Heritage.

(2) John Charlton 1981 Brougham Castle [Cumbria]

(3) David J Cathcart King 1983 Castellarium anglicanum : an index and bibliography of the castles in England, Wales and the Islands. Volume II : Norfolk-Yorkshire and the islands

2 - 1983 Page(s)491

(4) edited by Peter Furtado et al 1988 Ordnance Survey guide to castles in Britain

Page(s)166

(5) Denis R Perriam and John Robinson 1998 The medieval fortified buildings of Cumbria : an illustrated gazetteer and research guide

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society extra series vol.29 Page(s)264-5

(6) by Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman and Stuart Harrison 1998 Brougham Castle, Cumbria : a survey and documentary history

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society research series1 (1979) - no.8

(7) Angus Winchester 2006 England's Landscape: The North West

Page(s)158

RELATED MONUMENTS

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Monument Name/No

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Description

BROUGHAM CASTLE
BROUGHAM

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Roman fort dating from the 2nd to 4th centuries surviving as earthworks. Scheduled and under guardianship.

BROUGHAM CASTLE
BROUGHAM

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Garden, mid-17th C; slight remains comprising part of boundary wall/bank.

BROUGHAM CASTLE
BROUGHAM

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Parkland, 17th C; probable area mainly defined by bank and inner ditch.

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