WALLINGFORD

ALTERNATIVE NAME:

WAELLINGFORDA

ABOUT THIS MONUMENT

+ / -

EH Visitor Information
Related Monuments
Related Text
Investigation History

More Pictures
Modern Map
Old Map
Aerial Photograph

Monument Types
Sources
Thesaurus
Description

DESCRIPTION

+ / -

A ninth century burh and Medieval borough. The burh is first known from the Burghal Hideage and was later a major borough. It has a street grid pattern and defences, excavations of the later identified two Saxon phases. The earliest as earthworks, the second in stone. Excavations have also identified a possible pre-burh settlement, possibly early-mid Saxon in date.

DETAIL

+ / -

MORE INFORMATION & SOURCES

+ / -

Vallum [NR.] (twice); Ditch [NR] (twice). (1)

Fairly detailed account of town defences. "The earliest
defences of Wallingford were constructed about the time of
Alfred" [871-899] The earthen rampart has "probably never been crowned with a stone wall". (2)

Wallingford Burh, lying contiguous to the west bank of the
Thames, is a large univallate earthwork of sub-rectangular
form, traceable, in varying degrees of preservation, around all
of its four sides.

The best preserved portion is the western half of the work,
i.e. that which lies wholly to the west of the north and south gates. This has partly been reduced or mutilated but in general is in a reasonably good condition and is almost entire throughout its
length.

The section of the work most difficult to recognise is the northeast angle, from the north gate round to the east gate, which was incorporated into the outworks of the 11th century Wallingford
Castle. Here, along the north side it coincides with the original bailey ditch, and along east side, overlooking the Thames, the 13th-14th century Queens Tower also on the edge of the original bailey, sits on its bank, a mound to the south of this tower is also recognisable as part of the burh bank.

South of the east gate it is recognisable as a slight but
distinct scarping of the slope (very obvious in the grounds of
the Castle Priory Hotel at SU 60908933) and St. Peters Church
immediately south of the east gate sits on a mound, obviously part of the burh bank, and St. Leonards Church also occupies the
bank at the southeast angle. From this point along the south arm to the south gate it shows as a sharp terrace within private gardens, the top occupied by the houses and the bottom occupied by a mill-stream.

A marked feature of the work is the fact that, with the
exception of the west arm which is straight, the arms are laid
out in two straights of similar length, the junction occurring
at a point where the very regular north-south, east-west road system enters and leaves the work, thus implying a setting out with more than the west gate (as suggested by - Auth. 2) in mind. Published survey (25") revised. (3)

No change in condition, survey correct. (4)

SU 608898 NP Brooks, in a second season of excavation for
Reading Museum, (6) has located the town rampart, ditch, and
north gate, beneath the outer rampart of the castle at its northwest corner.

Phases of construction:-

Period 1 (Anglo-Saxon) primary bank, 35 ft at base, of brick
earth and gravel from the ditch. Turf revetment and some
strengthening of the bank by an insertion of stakes, in
irregular pattern, suggesting an unstable gravel core.

Sherds of early or middle Saxon pottery (500-900 AD) taken from the body of the bank; Prof Jope identified two sherds as 9th century. Pottery, therefore, is consistent with a construction in the reign of Alfred.

Period II (Anglo-Saxon). Ditch widened and deepened; face of
bank cut back, and heightened, and a stone wall placed on top
(as at Wareham).

Period III (4) (circa 1250). A new, stone north gateway (SU 68 NW 3) was erected over the town ditch, which was channelled into a culvert.

Period IV (circa 1275-1300). The castle defences were extended, destroying the north gate and causing North Street to be re-aligned some 40 yds to the west. At this time the town rampart was reduced to the level of the castle defences, thus destroying the town wall, seen now only as layers of rubble and mortar tumbled into the ditch.

Brook stripped an area under the outer bank of the castle, (6)
exposing post holes and timber slots of 10th-13th century houses along the original main north street.

Finds included a coin of Ethelred II (Cricklade Mint circa 980),
bone weaving implements and a weaving sword of Viking type
(8th-11th century). Excavation resumes in 1968. (5-7)

SU 606897: A section through the late Anglo-Saxon defences (see illustration card) during P.O. works in the Kine Croft was recorded in November 1971 by T.G. Hassall and R.T. Rowley. A primary bank of horizontal turves lying directly on the old ground surface corresponds with Brooks's primary bank (see Authority 5) and a second bank represents the late Saxon heightening of the rampart. There were, however, no other constructional details such as the vertical timbering found by Brooks. (8-9)

SU 604893-604897; Wallingford Town Walls, scheduled.

SU 605895; Wallingford Saxon Town, scheduled. (10)

The impressive remains of the rectangular rampart and the grid
of streets similar to the arrangements of other Wessex burhs
have been taken as evidence that Wallingford was a new creation of Alfred's (a,b). The Burghal Hidage reference and that in
Domesday to `the 8 virgates of the King' have been used to
support this view (c). However, it need mean no more than the
fortification of an existing settlement. (d)

A pre-burh settlement at Wallingford has been assumed from the cemetery material (SU 68 NW 53) which dates from the 5th, 6th
and perhaps 7th centuries, and from the unusual orientation of
St. Leonard's Church (SU 68 NW 8) in the southeast corner of
the burh. (e) Beresford and St Joseph, have also noted that
some parish bounds enclosed areas outside the defences and
interpreted this as possible evidence of an earlier settlement
(f). The cutting across the western defences demonstrated that
the bank sealed a plough soil, which may indicate Roman activity and the trench trough the north defences produced early-mid Saxon pottery from the bank again supporting the idea
of a pre-burh settlement.

The place-name of Wallingford emphasizes the importance of the river crossing here and Hinton has recently suggested that the modern boundary of the borough, in describing an area on the east bank of the Thames, commemorates a Saxon bridgehead designed to control and block the river. (11)

For the period 1066-86 there is a long account of the borough in the Domesday Book. In 1156 a charter of Henry II granting privileges to the burgesses, in return for their services in helping him to maintain his hereditary right. (12)

Wallingford is first recorded as a burh in the Burghal Hideage and was a major borough. Coins were struck from the reign of Athelstan until the end of the Saxon period. (13)

SOURCE TEXT

( 1) Ordnance Survey Map (Scale / Date)

OS 25" 1912

( 2) M W Beresford and J K S St Joseph 1979 Medieval England : an aerial survey

Cambridge air surveys 1958 Page(s)179-181

( 3) Field Investigators Comments

F1 CFW 20-FEB-61

( 4) Field Investigators Comments

F2 GHP 24-JUL-63

( 5) Berkshire Archaeological Society The Berkshire archaeological journal

(N P Brooks) 62 - 1965-6 Page(s)17-21

( 6) Medieval archaeology : journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology

(D M Wilson) 10 - 1968 Page(s)168

( 7) Medieval archaeology : journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology

(Wilson) X1 - 1967 Page(s)262-3

( 8) Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society Oxoniensia

(B Durham, T Hassall, C Simpson) 37 - 1972 Page(s)83-5

( 9) Medieval archaeology : journal of the Society for Medieval Archaeology

(L Webster & J Cherry) 16 - 1972 Page(s)148

(10) Scheduled Monument Notification

DOE (IAM) AMs Eng 3 1978 82, 83

(11a) edited by David M Wilson 1976 The archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England

(M Biddle) 1976 Page(s)124-34

(11b) by David A Hinton 1977 Alfred's kingdom: Wessex and the south 800-1500

1977 Page(s)37

(11c) Anglo-Saxon England

(F M Stenton) 1971 Page(s)529

(11d) General reference

Tribute to an antiquary 1976 141-64 (M D Lobel)

(11e) Berkshire Archaeological Society The Berkshire archaeological journal

(E T Leeds) 42 - 1938 Page(s)93-101

(11f) M W Beresford and J K S St Joseph 1958 Medieval England : an aerial survey

Cambridge air surveys 1979 Page(s)196

(11) edited by Jeremy Haslam 1984 Anglo-Saxon towns in southern England

(G Astill) 1984 Page(s)61-3,67,73,75-9

(12) M W Beresford and H P R Finberg 1973 English medieval boroughs : a hand-list

Page(s)69

(13) edited by David Hill and Alexander R Rumble 1996 The defence of Wessex : the Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon fortifications

1996 Page(s)220-221

(14) Council for British Archaeology CBA research reports

14- 1975 Page(s)58-9

MONUMENT TYPES

+ / -

COMMENTS

+ / -

Please help us keep our information accurate let us know if you see any errors on this page.

Further information about monuments may be obtained by contacting NMR Enquiry and Research Services , through the English Heritage website.

EH Prints
English Heritage
Heritage Explorer
Heritage Gateway
Images of England
NMR
ViewFinder