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| ALTERNATIVE NAME: |
PEVERIL, CASTLETON CASTLE, THE CASTLE OF THE PEAK |
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ABOUT THIS MONUMENT
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Also known as Peveril, or Castleton Castle. The ruins of a medieval keep castle predominantly dating from the 11th to the 14th century. Among the first of the Norman castles to be built in England after the Conquest and granted to William Peveril, who was thought to have been an illegitimate son of William I and one of his most trusted knights. The castle stands in an impregnable position on a clifftop above the town of Castleton, but predates the town by about 100 years. In 1080 Peveril fortified the site and constructed a wooden keep, but later these buildings were converted into stone. The square keep and part of the curtain wall are still standing and the outer bailey is still visible. Part of the north wall dates from the 11th century, but the remainder is 12th to 14th century. The castle fell into disuse during the early 15th century and was never adapted for domestic use. Only the keep was in use by the 17th century as a courthouse. When this was abandoned the castle gradually became ruined until restoration work during the 20th century. The present stone keep, built by Henry II in 1176, survives almost to its full height. Inside the courtyard it is possible to trace the foundations of a Great Hall, kitchens and other domestic buildings. The castle forms the backdrop to Sir Walter Scott's novel "Peveril of the Peak".
A probable medieval earthwork bank within the boundary wall is visible on air photographs. The feature appears to be extant on the latest EARTH.GOOGLE.COM photography accessed 29-SEP-2009.
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| URL: |
http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=309632
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| MONUMENT NUMBER: |
309632 |
COUNTY: |
DERBYSHIRE
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| NMR NUMBER: |
SK 18 SW 15 |
DISTRICT: |
HIGH PEAK |
| LAST UPDATED: |
N/A |
PARISH: |
CASTLETON |
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AREA: |
HOPE VALLEY |
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STREET: |
N/A |
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MARITIME LOCATION: |
N/A |
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LOCATION: |
SK 1494 8260
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MORE INFORMATION & SOURCES
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SK 1494 8260: Peveril Castle [GT] (remains of) [TI.]. (1)
Earthworks surveyed at 1:2500. Castle ditch to be supplied by field surveyor. See GP AO/62/83/8 for south west aspect of castle ditch and keep. (2)
SK 1484 8235: Outer defences are completely natural save for one stretch of bank and ditch. See GP AO/62/83/8. Surveyed at 1:2500.
Peveril Castle: See Ministry of Works pamphlet. This scheduled ancient monument is described with plan. (3)
Additional reference. (4)
SK 1492 8263: Peveril Castle 11th to 14th century tower keep castle. The monument comprises standing remains of the castle along the terraced hillside leading to the north-east gate and the site of the outer bailey and access to the main south-west gate. The standing remains consist primarily of the square keep and a curtain wall enclosing a roughly triangular inner bailey measuring circa 100 metres by 60 metres. The north wall, although much repaired and altered, still contains 11th century sections, though the remainder of the curtain is 12th century. The keep, which stands to its original height and is also 12th century, was originally entered at first floor level. It is a primarily defensive feature and, as the castle had fallen into disuse by the 15th century, was not adapted to domestic use. It therefore remained a simple structure with only one floor above the entrance level and a basement floor below. Its main function was to guard the south-west gate into the inner bailey. This was reached from the outer bailey via a bridge which, during the Middle Ages, spanned the intervening gorge. A masonry abutment for the bridge can be seen in the ditch below the keep. The outer bailey lies to the south-west where a bank and ditch forms the western boundary of a triangular enclosure, measuring circa 80 metres by 60 metres, where cattle, horses and people would have been housed. The
bank contains the remains of a defensive wall and a gap approximately midway along it shows where the 'Earl's Road' entered the castle from the south-west at its main point of access. Scheduled RSM no. 13268. (5)
Peveril Castle curtain walls and fragmentary foundations built late 11th century, 12th century and early 13th century. North and west curtain walls have some herringbone masonry. Building remains include the northwest angle hall and domestic buildings in the southeast corner which may have included a chapel. The keep was built in 1176. The castle is square in plan with angle and central buttresses partly extant. It has narrow round-headed windows to the ground floor while the upper floors have larger windows. The remains of a spiral staircase can be seen in the northeast angle. (6)
Peveril Castle stands in an impregnable position on a clifftop above Castleton flanked by the steep side of Cavedale. It bears the name of William Peveril who was granted the title of Bailiff of the Royal Manors of the Peak, in effect the King's agent for the Royal Forest of the Peak, after 1066. Peveril is thought to have been the illegitimate son of William I. Peveril created Castleton and in 1080 he fortified the site of the present castle and contructed a wooden keep. Later these buildings were converted into stone. However Peveril's son, also called William, became too independent for Henry II and in 1155, the King confiscated the Peveril estates. The castle is now in the care of English Heritage and is open to the public.
The castle fell into disuse after Tudor times and by the 17th century only the keep was in use as a courthouse. When this was abandoned the castle gradually became ruined until what remained was restored this century. The Castleton entrance leads in through the remains of a gatehouse which was built in the 12th century and into the main courtyard. Around this is the remains of a curtain wall which was constructed during the early Norman period and includes Roman tiles which it is thought were taken from the ruins of the Roman fort at Navio (Brough). (7)
A spectacular view of the Peak District can be viewed from the remains of Peveril Castle, which is perched above the dramatic Peak Cavern Gorge on the south side of Castleton 15 miles west of Sheffield. This was one of England's first Norman forts, its massive walls made famous by Sir Walter Scott in "Peveril of the Peak". (8)
Owned by William Peveril, a knight of William the Conqueror, this is one of the first castles built after the Norman Conquest. The triangular site of Peveril Castle, located high on a ridge with precipitous sides, was likely to have been chosen for its natural strength, being both reasonably inaccessible and easily defendable.
Although the castle is now largely ruinous and fragmented, with only the keep surviving to any height, the site provides an insight into the difficulties of building a fortification on ground of such uneven levels. Parts of the curtain wall along the north of the site where the earliest period of building took place are still standing today. However the curtain wall along the southern boundary, completed in the 12th century, has virtually disappeared. A craggy section of the original gatehouse, or town gate, still exists and dates from the mid to late 12th century. Within the inner bailey, foundations can be found of various residential buildings. South of the site is a low brick wall which is all that remains of the 12th century great hall. This was replaced by a later larger hall opposite the keep along the northern edge of the north curtain wall. There are remains of a fireplace dating from 13th century.
Henry II was responsible for building the keep in the 1170s. The castle saw a succession of royal kings and queens but in the late 14th century, it was granted to John of Gaunt in exchange for the earldom of Richmond and Peveril became part of the Duchy of Lancaster. However on John's death, his son, who became Henry IV, inherited the castle and it became part of the Crown estate. By this time the building was considered too uncomfortable to reside at and slowly the apartments were demolished, with only the keep being retained to serve as a courthouse. From hereon, Peveril Castle was left unoccupied and rapid deterioration occured until the early 19th century when the Duchy accepted responsibility for necessary repairs and renovation work. (9)
Founded by William Peveril, one of William the Conqueror's most trusted knights, Peveril Castle stands above the town of Castleton, and precedes the town by about 100 years, guarding the Peak Forest lead-mining area. The entrance presently used was originally the back entrance as the main gate was previously beside the keep. The earliest remaining parts include the north wall and part of the chapel and old hall. Parts of the chapel and south curtain wall were built in the early 12th century and the keep, old hall and gatehouse were built during the late 12th century, when the castle had passed back to the Crown under Henry II. William Peveril's son inherited in 1114, along with other lands including Bolsover, but due to his involvement in the civil war during King Stephen's reign, he forfeited the castle at Peveril once Henry had succeeded.
Henry visited Peveril, then known as "The Castle of the Peak", on several occasions, notably in 1157, when he received the homage of Malcolm IV of Scotland. In 1183-4 repairs were made to the bridge across to the keep on the north side and the keep was garrisoned. Through the succeeding reigns of Richard I and John, the castle was maintained in good repair and in 1216 it saw its only real action. The Constable at Peak, Brian de Lisle, held the castle in despite of the King, but was forced under arms by William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, to give it up.
Henry III also visited the castle and further repairs were made during the 13th century. It is assumed that the New Hall was built during this period. The castle was granted to his son Edward, later the king, and then to Edward's wife, Eleanor of Castile, in 1272. Simon de Montfort briefly owned Peveril but it passed back to the Crown after his rebellion and death. Edward II granted Peveril to his lover Piers Gaveston in 1308 and then to John de Warenne. King Edward III granted Peveril to his son, John of Gaunt. By the early 15th century the castle had become too old-fashioned for comfortable residence and obsolete in terms of defence and was partly dismantled. (10)
NMR aerial photography. (11-13)
Listed by Colvin with its history. (14)
The castle described above and a probable medieval earthwork bank within the boundary wall are visible on air photographs, centred at SK 1493 8262 and approximately 65m in length. The feature appears to be extant on the latest EARTH.GOOGLE.COM photography accessed 29-SEP-2009.
(15)
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SOURCE TEXT
( 1) Ordnance Survey Map (Scale / Date)
OS 6" 1955
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( 2) Field Investigators Comments
F1 RL 12-MAR-1962
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( 3) Field Investigators Comments
F2 FRH 15-SEP-1965
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( 4) B H St J O'Neil 1979 Peveril Castle [Derbyshire]
DOE guidebook 1979 (B H St J O'Neil and P R White)
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( 5) Scheduled Monument Notification
06-APR-1992
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( 6) List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest
High Peak, 17-APR-1985 212
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(7) Externally held archive reference
Peak District Multimedia Guide (abridged)
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(8) Externally held archive reference
Peveril Castle, AboutBritain.com website
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(9) Externally held archive reference
Peveril Castle, The Heritage Trail, 1998-2003 (website)
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(10) Externally held archive reference
Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire. UK Heritage (website)
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(11) Aerial photograph
SK 1482/1, 158-9, SK 1482/2, 160-1, 29-MAR-1977
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(12) Aerial photograph
SK 1482/3-12, 30-JUN-1976, A L Pacitto
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(13) Aerial photograph
SK 1482/13/19, 06-JUN-1976, D N Riley
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(14) R Allen Brown, H M Colvin and A J Taylor 1963 The history of the King's Works, volume 2 : the Middle Ages
Page(s)776-777
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(15) Oblique aerial photograph reference number
NMR SK 1482-22 NMR 2410-25 28-OCT-1988
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